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وَالْوَالِدَاتُ يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَادَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُتِمَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ وَعَلَى الْمَوْلُودِ لَهُ رِزْقُهُنَّ وَكِسْوَتُهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ لَا تُكَلَّفُ نَفْسٌ إِلَّا وُسْعَهَا لَا تُضَارَّ وَالِدَةٌ بِوَلَدِهَا وَلَا مَوْلُودٌ لَهُ بِوَلَدِهِ وَعَلَى الْوَارِثِ مِثْلُ ذَلِكَ فَإِنْ أَرَادَا فِصَالًا عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْهُمَا وَتَشَاوُرٍ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا وَإِنْ أَرَدْتُمْ أَنْ تَسْتَرْضِعُوا أَوْلَادَكُمْ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا سَلَّمْتُمْ مَا آتَيْتُمْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ (223) وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنْكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنفُسِهِنَّ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَعَشْرًا فَإِذَا بَلَغْنَ أَجَلَهُنَّ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنفُسِهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُمْ بِهِ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ النِّسَاءِ أَوْ أَكْنَنتُمْ فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ عَلِمَ اللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ سَتَذْكُرُونَهُنَّ وَلَكِنْ لَا تُوَاعِدُوهُنَّ سِرًّا إِلَّا أَنْ تَقُولُوا قَوْلًا مَعْرُوفًا وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا عُقْدَةَ النِّكَاحِ حَتَّى يَبْلُغَ الْكِتَابُ أَجَلَهُ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِي أَنفُسِكُمْ فَاحْذَرُوهُ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ (234-35)
Researcher’s Companion I Meaning & Morphology (الصرف و اللغة) 1. َالْمَعْرُوف
Since the word munkar means ‘evil’, one
can easily conclude that here the word ma‘ruf is used in the first
meaning ‘good,’ given above.
Here the word ma‘ruf is used in the second
meaning ‘custom’ given because first, the imperative verb used is ittiba‘
(to
follow) which collocates with this meaning and second, the latter part
of verse 2:178 (pay it [– the Diyah –] with goodness) becomes redundant
if the first meaning is thought to be implied.
2.
ب
اَلْْْكِِتَا
3. Usage of the particle
‘س’
II Eloquence & Style (الاساليب و البلاغة) 1. Ellipses of a Preposition
2.
Usage of عَشَرَا
3.
Addressees of ‘عَلَيْكُمْ’
4. Use
of the Verb ‘آتَيْتُمْ’
III. Exegesis and Explanation (الشرح و التفسير) 1. ‘Iddat of a Widow
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1. The previous verses mention the directives regarding divorce. These verses now take up the issue of suckling the offspring. Imam Amin Ahsan Islahi, while summarizing the directives of suckling that these verses mention, writes:
2. In contrast with the waiting period
(‘iddat) of a divorced lady, the waiting period of a widow has been
extended by forty days. The reason is that while a husband has been asked
to divorce his wife in the period of purity in which he has had no sexual
intercourse with her, no such principle can obviously be established in
the case of a widow. It is to exercise care that these days have been added
by the Qur’an.
4. If a person wants to marry a widow,
then it is according to the norms that he make up his mind during her waiting
period or inform her of his intentions in a very tacit manner. However,
it is no way permitted that he, without considering the sentiments of the
affected family, send a marriage proposal to the widow or make some hidden
agreement with her. On such occasions, whatever is said must never exceed
the bounds of sympathy and expressing of condolences. Consequently, the
verses forewarn a person that since it is definite that he would express
his intention in such a situation, it should not be in the form of a marriage
proposal or some hidden or open agreement. This intention should be expressed
in a manner that is befitting to the situation and in accordance with the
norms of the society. Of course, once the waiting period expires, a person
can decide to marry such a lady. At that time, he cannot be blamed in any
way.
i. Similar
usage of the particle ‘س’
can be seen in ‘فَسَيَكْفِيْكَهُمُ
الله’
(2:137).
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